Reverse domain hijacking
Domaining Guide
Reverse domain hijacking
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The term reverse domain hijacking refers to the practice of
inequitably unseating
domain name registrants by accusing them of violating weak or
non-existent
trademarks related to the domain name.
A widely regarded case of reverse domain hijacking occurred in 2000, when the
Deutsche Welle attempted to acquire the domain dw.com from software company
Diamond Ware. This attempt was reprimanded as reverse domain hijacking in 2001
by the WIPO
[1].
Legal action
The defense and counterclaim of reverse domain name hijacking is valid in
either administrative forums or the courts of law.
Administrative Panel is WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization -
Geneva)[2],
NAF (The National Arbitration Forum – Minneapolis, USA)[3],
ADNDRC (Asian Domain Name Dispute Resolution Centre – Beijing and Hong Kong,
China)[4]
Former administrative forums are: CPR (CPR Institute for Dispute Resolution -
Asia), until January 2007[5],
eResolution, until December 2001[6]
Courts of Law are any court of competent jurisdiction. (A court of competent
jurisdiction is one that has both subject matter and personal jurisdiction.
Subject matter provides the particular court with the power to hear the case and
personal is court’s power over the people or entities involved in the case).
When asserting Reverse Domain Name Hijacking the domain registrant is
requesting that the arbitration panel make a finding that the challenger brought
the complaint in bad faith pursuant to
UDRP Rule 1 and Rule 15(e). In other words, a domain registrant can assert
that the complainant is misusing the arbitration proceeding in an attempt to
“take” a domain or in an attempt to harass the domain registrant. If the
arbitration panel finds that a complainant used the dispute resolution policy in
“a bad faith attempt to deprive a registered domain name holder of a domain
name,” there is a likelihood that the complaint will fail. More and more
“reverse domain name hijacking” judgments are being made.
The UDRP[7]
decisions are instructive as to what is necessary in order to prevail on a
“reverse domain name hijacking” claim. Accordingly, the domain name registrant /
respondent must show that “complainant knew of respondent’s unassailable right
to legitimate interest in the disputed domain name or the clear lack of bad
faith registration and use, and nevertheless brought the complaint in bad
faith.” Goldline International, Inc. v. Gold Line, Case No. D2000-1151 (WIPO, 4
January 2001)[8];
Syndney Opera House Trust v. Trilynx Pty. Ltd., Case No. D2000-1224 (WIPO, 31
October 2000)[9];
Miller Brewing Company v. Yunju Hong, Case No. FA 192732 (Nat. Arb. Forum 8
December 2003)[10].
In other words, the domain registrant must prove that the complainant knew of
the registrant’s legitimate interests in or rights to the domain (ie. the domain
consists of general, generic terms that others commonly use) and was aware of
registrant’s lack of bad faith registration and use of the domain name (ie. the
terms incorporated in the domain are descriptive or laudatory of the goods or
services for which it will be used).
Goldline case (2000)
For example, one early UDRP decision, Goldline International v. Gold Line
[11], dealt with the domain “goldline.com,” common terms used in everyday
language which can be described as laudatory or even descriptive when used in
conjunction with a line of gold jewelry. In this case, the registrant /
respondent was an individual who operated under several businesses, including
Gold Line Internet, specializing in vanity toll-free numbers, domain name
addresses, and the creation of intellectual property. The complainant, Goldline
International, Inc., was a business dealing in goods and services relating to
coins and precious metals. Gold Line Internet brought a “reverse domain name
hijacking” claim against Gold International in its response to the UDRP
complaint. Gold Line pointed out to the panel, that although Goldline
International had registered trademarks, their rights were not superior to the
other GOLDLINE trademark holders. Furthermore, there were at least 47 trademark
applications filed since 1958 for “GOLD LINE” and “GOLDLINE” and Goldline
International had not objected in any way to any of these applications. The
panel reviewed all criteria relating to the registrant’s bad faith and found no
evidence that respondent registered “goldline.com” to profit by selling or
renting it to Goldline International, that respondent selected the domain
because it was laudatory, that respondent’s goods and services were not in the
same competitive market, nor was respondent trying to commercially trade on
Goldline International’s reputation by creating confusion in the minds of
consumers (at that time there were at least 10 other active “Goldline”
businesses in California).
After determining that the domain name registrant had no bad faith intent,
the panel reviewed the “reverse domain name hijacking” claim. The panel found
that “gold line” could have multiple legitimate uses, [i] that complainant’s
mark was limited to a narrow field, and that under a reasonable investigation,
complainant could have ascertained that respondent did not register the domain
in bad faith. Additionally, since respondent had expressly notified complainant
of the facts, including the multiple GOLD LINE users, and asserted Goldline
International actions abusive if they pursued any further action, the panel
found that complainant had engaged in “reverse domain name hijacking.”
Civil action in a U.S. court
In the United States, the
Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act (ACPA) 15 U.S.C. 15 U.S.C. §
1114(2)(D)(v)
[12]permits the domain name holder the exclusive remedy to bring a civil
action when their domain has been suspended, disabled, or transferred as a
result of an ICANN proceeding, in order to establish that their use of the
domain is not unlawful. The court is authorized under the statute to grant
injunctive relief to the registrant, including reactivation or transfer of the
domain to the registrant. Id. At this time, a registrant will generally bring a
declaratory judgment action, based on “reverse domain name hijacking” 15 U.S.C.
§ 1114(2)(D)(v) [ii] seeking injunctive relief.
Pursuant to statute and described in Barcelona.com v. Excelentisimo
Ayuntamiento De Bardelona, 330 F.3d 617, 626(4th Cir. 2003)
[13], in order to establish a “reverse domain name hijacking” claim against
an “overreaching trademark owner,” the registrant must show the following:
- that it is the domain name registrant;
- that its registered domain was suspended, disabled, or transferred under
the registrar’s policy as described under 15 U.S.C. § 1114(2)(D)(ii)(II) (a
reasonable policy by such registrar, registry, or authority prohibiting the
registration of a domain name that is identical to, confusingly similar to,
or dilutive of another's mark);
- that the owner of the mark that prompted the domain to be suspended,
disabled or transferred is on notice, by service or otherwise, of the
action; and
- that the registrant’s / plaintiff’s use or registration of the domain is
not unlawful pursuant to the Lanham Act.
Other cases
External links
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Reverse domain hijacking
Domain name warehousing
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